Currently, graphite is mostly being used as an anode material for lithium secondary batteries. It means that from 1991 - when Sony firstly commercialized lithium secondary batteries - until now, graphite has firmly maintained its throne of anode materials. This has nearly been steadfast even for the last 20 years, while other materials, including cathode materials, separation membranes, etc, have changed.
Graphite is largely divided into natural and artificial graphite. Raw ores of natural graphite are yielded with graphite containing about 5-15% in graphite mines. In order for graphite to be used as an anode material for lithium secondary batteries, it must obtain the purity of at least 99.5% as a battery grade. To increase the purity up to such a degree, the dug natural graphite ore should go through beneficiation, chemical processing, etc. to remove impurities. It can sometimes be spheroidized and pitch-coated.
Artificial graphite, on the other hand, is the graphite generated by heating carbon precursors, such as petroleum, coal tar, and coke, whose starting materials are not natural minerals, at the high temperature higher than 2800°C.
Other than graphite, other anode materials include soft carbon and hard carbon, which are manufactured by heat-treating coke, consisting of carbon, at 1000-1200℃, relatively low temperature. Of these, hard carbon has had increasing importance as an anode material for EVs due to its excellent power characteristics.
For the composite-based, LTO, the oxide composite-based, is representative, and the metal composite-based includes Sn-Co-C and others. In addition, in the case of an anode using graphite, an electrode is sometimes manufactured by partially mixing silicon- and SiOx-based compounds with graphite to increase capacity.
In order to increase the energy density of Li secondary batteries, research on Li-metal as the ultimate anode material is also being conducted, and it is expected that Li metal is mainly used as an anode material for all solid batteries (ASBs), the next-generation battery.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Report Overview · 8
Chapter Ⅰ. Anode Material Technology and Development Trend
1.1 Introduction · 11
1.2 Anode Material Types · 14
1.2.1 Li-metal
1.2.2 Carbon Anode Material
1.2.3 Anode Material Development Status
Chapter Ⅱ. Carbon Anode Material
2.1 Carbon Anode Material Overview · 23
2.2 Carbon Anode Material Manufacturing · 23
2.2.1 Vapor-phase carbonization
2.2.2 Liquid-phase carbonization
2.2.3 Solid-phase carbonization
2.3 Soft Carbon Anode Material· 27
2.3.1 Structural Characteristics
2.3.2 Electrochemical Characteristics
2.3.3 Electrode Reaction Mechanism
2.3.4 Manufacturing Methods
2.3.5 Artificial Graphite
2.3.6 Natural Graphite
2.3.7 Low-temperature Plasticized Carbon
2.3.8 Other Materials
2.4 Hard Carbon Anode · 62
2.4.1 Structural Characteristics
2.4.2 Electrochemical Characteristics
2.4.3 Electrode Reaction mechanism
2.4.4 Manufacturing Methods
2.5 Carbon Anode Recovery and Recycling from Wasted Battery · 68
Chapter Ⅲ. Alloy Anode Material
3.1 Alloy Anode Material Overview· 70
3.2 Alloy Anode Material Characteristics· 70
3.3 Alloy Anode Material Issues and Solutions· 73
3.3.1 Key Issues
3.3.2 Metal-composite Anode
3.3.3 Metal-Carbon Composite Anode
3.4 SiOx Anode Material· 105
3.4.1 Structural Characteristics
3.4.2 Electrochemical Characteristics
3.4.3 Manufacturing Methods
3.4.4 Prelithiation Process Application
3.5 Study on Actual Application of Si Anode · 114
3.5.1 Difference of Electrochemical Behavior
3.5.2 Si-based Electrode and Si/Graphite Composite Electrode
3.6 Other Si Anode Material · 116
3.6.1 3D Porous Si
3.6.2 Si Nanotube
3.6.3 Metal/Alloy Thin-film Anode
Chapter Ⅳ. Compound Anode Material
4.1 Oxide-based Anode Material· 125
4.2 Nitride -based Anode Material · 130
4.3 2D planar structure inorganic compound (Mxenes). 131
Chapter Ⅴ. High-power Anode Material
5.1 High-power Anode Material Overview· 134
5.2 Intercalation Materials· 134
5.2.1 Carbon Material
5.2.2 LTO(Li4Ti5O12)
5.3 Alloy Material · 138
5.4 Transition Material· 138
5.5 Nano-structure Microparticle· 139
5.5.1 Nano-structure Micro Carbon Material
5.5.2 Nano-structure Micro Li4Ti5O12
5.5.3 Nano-structure Micro Si-Carbon Material Composite Active Material
5.6 Multi Channel Structure Graphite· 143
5.7 Si-Graphite Hybrid Material(SEAG) · 145
5.8 Graphene-SiO2 Material (Graphene Ball) · 146
5.9 Fast-charging from Anode Perspective . 147
5.9.1 Anode (Active Material) Influence Factors
5.9.2 Electrode Influence Factors
5.9.3 Fast-charging Technology Design of Major Battery Makers
5.10 Summary and Future Outlook · 158
Chapter Ⅵ. Li-metal Anode
6.1 Li metal Anode Overview· 160
6.2 Li metal Anode R&D Status· 161
6.2.1 ASEI (Artificial SEI)
6.2.2 New Structure
6.2.3 Hybrid Structure
6.2.4 Electrolyte Modification
6.3 Li Metal Anode Application Issues and Outlook . 172
6.4 Anode-Free Lithium-Ion Battery . 176
Chapter Ⅶ. Anode Influence on Safety
7.1 Thermal Stability of Anode· 185
7.2 Safety during Fast Charging· 190
Chapter Ⅷ. LiB Anode Material Market Status and Outlook
8.1 Demand Status by Country · 194
8.2 Demand Status by Material · 196
8.3 Market Status by Supplier · 198
8.4 Demand Status by LIB Maker · 217
SDI/LGC/SKI/Panasonic/CATL/ATL/BYD/Lishen/Guoxuan/AESC/CALB
8.5 Anode Material Production Capacity Outlook · 295
8.6 Demand Outlook by Material · 297
8.7 Anode Material Price Trend · 298
8.8 Anode Material Market Size Outlook · 306
Chapter Ⅸ. Anode Material Manufacturers Status
9.1 Korean Anode Material Suppliers· 308
Posco Chemical/Daejoo/Aekyung/MKE/Iljin/EG/PCT/LPN/Hansol/Dongjin
9.2 Japanese Anode Material Suppliers · 376
Hitachi/Mitsubishi/Nippon Carbon/JFE/Tokai Carbon/Showa Denko/Shinetsu/Kureha
9.3 Chinese Anode Material Suppliers · 435
BTR/Shanshan/Zichen/Shinzoom/XFH/ZETO/Sinuo/Chuangya/SHANGTAITECH/KAIJIN
Chapter Ⅹ. References